The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew Extinct as a regularly spoken language by the 4th century CE, but survived as a liturgical and literary language; revived in the 1880s: מַלְכּוּת יְהוּדָה, Modern Extinct as a regularly spoken language by the 4th century CE, but survived as a liturgical and literary language; revived in the 1880s Malkut Yəhuda Tiberian Tiberian Hebrew designates the extinct canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and related documents. This traditional medieval pronunciation was committed to writing by Masoretic scholars based in the Jewish community of Tiberias in the period ca. 750-950 CE. This written form employed diacritics added to the Hebrew letters: vowel Malkûṯ Yəhûḏāh) existed at two periods in Jewish history. According to the Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible is a term referring to the books of the Jewish Bible (Tanakh) as originally written mostly in Biblical Hebrew, with some Biblical Aramaic. It is also called the Hebrew Scriptures. The term closely corresponds to contents of the Jewish Tanakh and the Protestant Old Testament (see also Judeo-Christian) and does not include the, a kingdom emerged in Judah after the death of Saul Saul (1079 - 1007 BC) was the first king of the united Kingdom of Israel (reigned 1047 - 1007) according to the Hebrew Bible. He was anointed by the prophet Samuel and reigned from Gibeah. He committed suicide during a battle with the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, during which three of his sons were also killed. The succession to his throne was, when the tribe of Judah According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Judah was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel elevated David David was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible. He is depicted as a righteous king, although not without fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms, who came from the Tribe of Judah According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Judah was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel, to rule over it. After seven years David became king of a reunited Kingdom of Israel The united Kingdom of Israel was a kingdom that existed in the Land of Israel, according to the Bible, a period referred to by scholars as the United Monarchy. Historians date the kingdom from c. 1020 BC to c. 930 BC, though there are differences of opinion as to exact dates, and David moved the capital A capital city is the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and is fixed by law. An alternate term is political capital, but this phrase has a second from Hebron Hebron (Arabic: الخليل al-Ḫalīl or al Khalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn), is the largest city in the West Bank, apart from East Jerusalem. It is located in the southern West Bank, 30 kilometers south of Jerusalem. It is home to some 163,146 Palestinians, and more than 50 to Jerusalem Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ (help·info), Yerushaláyim (for the meaning, see below); Arabic: القُدس (audio) (help·info), al-Quds Sharif, lit. "The Holy Sanctuary"; Yiddish: ירושלים Yərusholáyəm)[ii] is the capital[iii] of Israel and, if including the area and population of East Jerusalem, its.^[1] However, in about 930 BC Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the united kingdom split, with ten of the twelve Tribes of Israel According to the Bible, the Israelites were the descendants of the Biblical patriarch Jacob. They were divided into twelve tribes, each descended from one of twelve sons or grandsons of Jacob rejecting Solomon's son Rehoboam According to the Hebrew Bible, Rehoboam was a king of the United Monarchy of Israel and later of the Kingdom of Judah after the ten northern tribes of Israel rebelled in 932/931 BC to form the independent Kingdom of Israel as their king. The Tribes of Judah According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Judah was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel and Benjamin According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Benjamin בִּנְיָמִין was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel remained loyal to Rehoboam, and reformed the Kingdom of Judah, while the other entity continuing to be called the Kingdom of Israel The Kingdom of Israel ) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel'). It existed roughly from the 930s BC until about the 720s BC, when the kingdom was conquered by the Assyrian Empire. The major cities of the kingdom were Shechem, Tirzah, and Shomron (Samaria), or Israel. The Kingdom of Judah is also often referred to as the Southern Kingdom, while the Kingdom of Israel following the split is referred to as the Northern Kingdom.

Judah existed until 586 BC Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of, when it was conquered by the Babylonian Empire The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by their fellow Akkadian speakers and northern neighbours, Assyria. Throughout that time Babylonia enjoyed a prominent status, and revolted at the under Nebuzar-adan, captain of Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar II, also called King Nebuchadnezzar the Second Listen (c 630-562 BC), was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is mentioned in the Book of Daniel, and he constructed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. He conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. He was traditionally called &'s body-guard.^[2] With the deportation of most of the population Although the term Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, typically refers to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587 BC, in fact the exile started with the first deportation in 597 BC. The captivity and subsequent return to Israel and rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple are and the destruction of the Temple Solomon's Temple , also known as the First Temple, was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the first temple of the ancient religion of the biblical Israelites, originally constructed by King Solomon on the hill called Moriah in Jerusalem. It was designed to house the Ark of the Covenant, and to serve the Israelites (and Proselytes) as a central place and of Jerusalem, the destruction of the kingdom was complete. Gedaliah According to the Hebrew Bible, Gedaliah - the son of Ahikam and grandson of Shaphan (who was involved in the discovery of the scroll of Teaching that scholars identify as the core of the book of Deuteronomy -- II Kings 22:8-10) served briefly as governor of Judah. After the destruction of Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar appointed Gedaliah as governor of, with a Chaldean Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia , with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories of the former Akkadian Empire. Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the guard stationed at Mizpah, was made governor to rule over Judah,^[3][4] but before long he was assassinated, and the remnant of the community was left leaderless.

The Davidic dynasty The Davidic line (known in Hebrew as Malkhut Beit David (מלכות בית דוד) - "Monarchy of the House of David") refers to the tracing of lineage to the King David referred to in the Hebrew Bible, as well as the New Testament. Though this is especially relevant to kings claiming royal lineage and to major leaders in Jewish history, began when the tribe of Judah made David its king, following the death of Saul. The Davidic line continued when David became king of the reunited Kingdom of Israel. When the united kingdom split, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Benjamin בִּנְיָמִין was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel continued to be loyal to the Davidic line, which ruled it until the kingdom was destroyed in 586 BC. However, the Davidic line continued to be respected by the exiles in Babylon, who regarded the Exilarchs Exilarch refers to the leaders of the Diaspora Jewish community following the deportation of the population of Judah into Babylonian exile after the destruction of the kingdom of Judah. The people in exile were called golah (Jeremiah 28:6, 29:1; Ezekiel passim) or galut (Jeremiah 29:22) as kings-in-exile.

Territory

The Kingdom of Judah comprised the territories of the tribes of Judah According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Judah was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel, Simeon, and Benjamin According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Benjamin בִּנְיָמִין was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel, an area of about 8,900 km² (3,436 sq mi). During the first period of the Kingdom of Judah, the capital was Hebron Hebron (Arabic: الخليل al-Ḫalīl or al Khalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn), is the largest city in the West Bank, apart from East Jerusalem. It is located in the southern West Bank, 30 kilometers south of Jerusalem. It is home to some 163,146 Palestinians, and more than 50, and during the second period, the capital of the united kingdom, Jerusalem Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ (help·info), Yerushaláyim (for the meaning, see below); Arabic: القُدس (audio) (help·info), al-Quds Sharif, lit. "The Holy Sanctuary"; Yiddish: ירושלים Yərusholáyəm)[ii] is the capital[iii] of Israel and, if including the area and population of East Jerusalem, its, continued as the capital of Judah. Jerusalem was in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin.

The area that comprised the kingdom consisted of the area known as Har Yehudah ("the mountain (district) of the gorge(s)"). The area seems to have originally been occupied by Kenites, Calebites, Othnielites, and in Jerusalem Jebusites.

After the breakdown of the United Monarchy The united Kingdom of Israel was a kingdom that existed in the Land of Israel, according to the Bible, a period referred to by scholars as the United Monarchy. Historians date the kingdom from c. 1020 BC to c. 930 BC, though there are differences of opinion as to exact dates, the border between Benjamin and Ephraim (which was the border between the northern and southern kingdoms) became a matter of dispute between them. Though Bethel had originally been allocated to Benjamin, by the time of the prophetess Deborah 'Deborah or Debra was a prophetess and the fourth, and the only female, Judge of pre-monarchic Israel in the Old Testament (Tanakh). Her story is told twice, in chapters 4 and 5 of Judges, Bethel is described as being in the land of the Tribe of Ephraim The Tribe of Ephraim was one of the biblical Tribes of Israel; together with the Tribe of Manasseh, Ephraim also formed the House of Joseph. At its height, the territory it occupied was at the center of Canaan, west of the Jordan, south of the territory of Manasseh, and north of the Tribe of Benjamin; the region which was later named Samaria (as.^[5] Some twenty years after the breakup of the United Monarchy, Abijah Abijah or Abiah is a Biblical unisex name meaning "My father is Yahweh" in Hebrew. In the Old Testament the name Abijah was borne by several characters:, the second king of Judah, defeated Jeroboam Jeroboam was the first king of the northern Israelite Kingdom of Israel after the revolt of the ten northern Israelite tribes against Rehoboam that put an end to the United Monarchy. He reigned for twenty-two years. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 922 to 901 BC, while Edwin R. Thiele offers the dates 931 to 910 BC of Israel and took back the towns of Bethel Bethel was a border city described in the Hebrew Bible as being located between Benjamin and Ephraim. Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome describe it in their time as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem, to the right or east of the road leading to Neapolis, Jeshanah and Ephron, with their surrounding villages, with a great loss of life.^[6] Ephron is believed to be the Ophrah that was also allocated to the Tribe of Benjamin by Joshua.^[7]

History

The united Kingdom of Israel was a union of the twelve Israelite tribes living in the area that presently approximates modern Israel and the Palestinian territories. The united kingdom existed from around 1020 to about 930 BC.

After the death of Solomon in 931 BC, the ten northern tribes refused to accept Rehoboam as their king, and instead in about 930 BC chose Jeroboam, who was not of the Davidic line, as their king. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel. The revolt took place at Shechem, and at first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David. But very soon thereafter the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah, and Jerusalem (which was in Benjamin's territory)^[8] became the capital of the new kingdom. The southern kingdom was called the Kingdom of Judah, or Judah. Members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh and Simeon "fled" to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah.^[9] Whether these groups were absorbed into the population or remained distinct groups, or returned to their tribal lands is not indicated. After the destruction of Israel, Judah continued to exist for about a century and a half until being conquered by the Babylonians. Hezekiah of Judah (727-698 BC) is noted in the Bible for initiating reforms that enforced Jewish laws against idolatry (in this case, the worship of Ba'alim and Asherah, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities). ^[10][11] In his reign is also dated the Siloam inscription in Old Hebrew alphabet.

Manasseh of Judah (698-642 BC), sacrificed his son to Molech.^[12] He and his son Amon (reigned 642-640 BC) reversed Hezekiah's reforms and officially revived idolatry. According to later rabbinical accounts, Manasseh placed a grotesque, four-faced idol in the Holy of Holies.

The reign of king Josiah (640-609 BC) was accompanied by a religious reformation. According to the Bible, while repairs were made on the Temple, a 'Book of the Law' was discovered (possibly the book of Deuteronomy).^[13]

Relations with the Northern Kingdom

For the first sixty years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war between them. Israel and Judah were in a state of war throughout Rehoboam's seventeen year reign. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, along with fortified cities. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign Pharaoh Shishaq of Egypt, brought a huge army and took many cities. When they laid siege to Jerusalem, Rehoboam gave them all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute, and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt. Rehoboam's son and successor, Abijah continued his father's efforts to bring Israel under his control. He waged a major battle against Jeroboam of Israel, and was victorious with a heavy loss of life on the Israel side,^[14] after which Jeroboam posed little threat to Judah for the rest of his reign and the border of the Tribe of Benjamin was restored to the original tribal border.^[15]

Abijah's son and successor, Asa maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign,^[16] during which time he revamped and reinforced the fortresses originally built by his grandfather Rehoboam. An invasion by the Egyptian-backed chieftain Zerah the Ethiopian and his million men and 300 chariots was defeated by Asa's 580,000 men (these figures come from 2 Chronicles) in the Valley of Zephath, near Mareshah.^[17] The Bible does not state whether Zerah was a pharaoh or a general of the army. The Ethiopians were pursued all the way to Gerar, in the coastal plain, where they stopped out of sheer exhaustion. The resulting peace kept Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of Josiah, some centuries later.

In his 36th year Asa was confronted by Baasha of Israel,^[18] who built a fortress at Ramah on the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The result was that the capital was under pressure and the military situation was precarious. Asa took gold and silver from the Temple and sent them to Ben-Hadad I, king of Aram Damascus, in exchange for the Damascene king canceling his peace treaty with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan, and many important cities of the tribe of Naphtali, and Baasha was forced to withdraw from Ramah.^[19] Asa tore down the unfinished fortress and used its raw materials to fortify Geba and Mizpah, on his side of the border.^[20]

Asa's successor, Jehoshaphat changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and co-operation with the northern kingdom. The alliance with Ahab was based on marriage. This alliance led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of Ramoth-Gilead.^[21] He then entered into an alliance with Ahaziah of Israel for the purpose of carrying on maritime commerce with Ophir. But the fleet that was then equipped at Ezion-Gever was immediately wrecked. A new fleet was fitted out without the cooperation of the king of Israel, and although it was successful, the trade was not prosecuted.^[22] He subsequently joined Jehoram of Israel in a war against the Moabites, who were under tribute to Israel. This war was successful, with the Moabites being subdued. However, on seeing Mesha's act of offering his own son in a human sacrifice on the walls of Kir-haresheth filled Jehoshaphat with horror, and he withdrew and returned to his own land.^[23]

Jehoshaphat's successor, Jehoram formed an alliance with Israel by marrying Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab. Despite this alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. Edom revolted, and he was forced to acknowledge their independence. A raid by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians looted the king's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz.

Destruction of Israel

In c. 732 BCE, Pekah of Israel allied with Rezinof Aram and threatened Jerusalem. Ahaz of Judah appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria for help and paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser^[24] Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram^[25] and large parts of Israel. According to 2 Kings 16:9 and 15:29, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.

Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the Ten Lost Tribes. However, other writers^[who?] estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser and Sargon II.^[26] Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by Hezekiah.

Clash of empires

Besides witnessing the destruction of Israel and the deportation of its population, Ahaz and his co-regent son Hezekiah were vassal to Assyria and forced to pay an annual tribute. After Hezekiah became sole ruler in c. 715 BC, he re-captured Philistine-occupied lands in the Negev desert, formed alliances with Ashkelon and Egypt, and made a stand against Assyria by refusing to pay tribute.^[27] (Isaiah 30-31; 36:6-9) In response, Sennacherib of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah. (2 Kings 18:13) Hezekiah paid three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria — requiring him to empty the temple and royal treasury of silver and strip the gold from the doorposts of Solomon's Temple. (2 Kings 18:14-16)^[27] However, Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem^[28] (2 Kings 18:17) in 701 BC, though the city was never taken.

During the long reign of Manasseh (c. 687/686 - 643/642 BC),^[29] Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers - Sennacherib and his successors, Esarhaddon^[30] and Ashurbanipal after 669 BC. Manasseh is listed as being required to provide materials for Esarhaddon's building projects, and as one of a number of vassals who assisted Ashurbanipal's campaign against Egypt.^[30].

When Josiah became king of Judah in c. 641/640 BC,^[29] the international situation was in flux. To the east, the Assyrian Empire was beginning to disintegrate, the Babylonian Empire had not yet risen to replace it, and Egypt to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In this power vacuum, Judah was able to govern itself for the time being without foreign intervention. However, in the spring of 609 BC, Pharaoh Necho II personally led a sizable army up to the Euphrates River to aid the Assyrians.^[31] Taking the coast route Via Maris into Syria at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low tracts of Philistia and Sharon. However, the passage over the ridge of hills which shuts in on the south of the great Jezreel Valley was blocked by the Judean army led by Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and Egyptians were weakened by the death of the pharaoh Psamtik I only a year earlier (610 BC).^[32] Presumably in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at Megiddo, where a fierce battle was fought and where Josiah was killed.^[33] Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian Ashur-uballit II and together they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to Harran. The combined forces failed to capture the city, and Necho retreated back to northern Syria. The event also marked the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire.

On his return march to Egypt in 608 BC, Necho found that Jehoahaz had been selected to succeed his father, Josiah.^[34] Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother, Jehoiakim. Necho imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred talents of silver (about 3 3/4 tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 75 pounds or about 34 kilograms). Necho then took Jehoahaz back to Egypt as his prisoner, ^[35] never to return.

Jehoiakim ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians, paying a heavy tribute. However, when the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at Carchemish in 605 BC, Jehoiakim changed allegiances, paying tribute to Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon. In 601 BC, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar unsuccessfully attempted to invade Egypt and was repulsed with heavy losses. This failure lead to numerous rebellions among the states of the Levant which owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar^[36] and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with these rebellions. According to the Babylonian Chronicles, after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)"^[37][38] in 599 BC, he lay siege to Jerusalem. Jehoiakim died in 598 BC^[39] during the siege, and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah at an age of either eight or eighteen.^[40] The city fell about three months later,^[41][42] on 2 Adar (March 16) 597 BC. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple, carting all his spoils to Babylon. Jeconiah and his court and other prominent citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable portion of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering about 10,000^[43] were deported from the land and dispersed throughout the Babylonian Empire. (2 Kings 24:14) Among them was Ezekiel. Nebuchadnezzar appointed Zedekiah, Jehoiakim's brother, king of the reduced kingdom, who was made a tributary of Babylon.

Destruction and dispersion

Despite the strong remonstrances of Jeremiah and others, Zedekiah revolted against Nebuchadrezzar, ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra of Egypt. In 589 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Judah and again besieged Jerusalem. During this period, many Jews fled to surrounding Moab, Ammon, Edom and other countries to seek refuge. ^[44] The city fell after an eighteen month siege and Nebuchadnezzar again pillaged both Jerusalem and the Temple,^[45] after which he destroyed them both.^[46] After killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon,^[47] putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah. In addition to those killed during the siege, over time, some 4,600 Jews were deported after the fall of Judah.^[48]

After the destruction of Judah, Babylon created Yehud Province for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom, and appointed Gedaliah governor, supported by a Chaldean guard. The administrative centre of the province was Mizpah,^[49] and not Jerusalem. On hearing of the appointment, the Jews that had taken refuge in surrounding countries returned to Judah. (Jeremiah 40:11-12) However, before long Gedaliah was assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left in the land and those that had returned fled to Egypt fearing a Babylonian reprisal, under the leadership of Johanan, son of Kareah, ignoring the urging of the prophet Jeremiah against the move. (2 Kings 25:26, Jeremiah 43:5-7) In Egypt, the refugees settled in Migdol, Tahpanhes, Noph, and Pathros, (Jeremiah 44:1) and Jeremiah went with them as moral guardian.

The numbers that were deported to Babylon and those who made their way to Egypt and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries is subject to academic debate.

The House of David

The House of David continued to be respected and recognised as leaders of the Babylonian Jewish community as Exilarchs.

Epilogue

A Jewish kingdom was revived by the Maccabees four centuries later, in a modified form.

Prophets of Judah

• Amos, born in Judah but prophesied in Israel
• Habakkuk
• Isaiah, cousin of king Uzziah
• Jeremiah
• Joel
• Micah
• Obadiah
• Zechariah
• Zephaniah

References

1. ^ 2 Samuel 5:6-7
2. ^ 2 Kings 25:8-21
3. ^ 2 Kings 25:22-24
4. ^ Jeremiah 40:6-8
5. ^ Judges 4:5
6. ^ 2 Chronicles 13:17-19
7. ^ Joshua 18:20-28, esp 23
8. ^ Joshua 18:28
9. ^ 2 Chronicles 15:9
10. ^ http://scholar.cc.emory.edu:80/scripts/ASOR/BA/Borowski.html
11. ^ 2 Kings 18-20
12. ^ 2 Kings 21
13. ^ [1] See also 1 Kings 13, 2 Kings 22-23 , 2 Chr 34-35
14. ^ Abijah and his people defeated them with a great slaughter, so that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell slain: 2 Chronicles 13:17
15. ^ 2 Chronicles 13:20
16. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:1
17. ^ 2 Chronicles 14:9-15
18. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:1
19. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:2-6
20. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:1-7
21. ^ 1 Kings 22:1-33
22. ^ 2 20:35-37 HE; 1 Kings 22:48-49
23. ^ 2 Kings 3:4-27
24. ^ 2 Kings 16:7-9
25. ^ Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134
26. ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, The Bible Unearthed.
27. ^ ^{a b} Peter J. Leithart, 1 & 2 Kings, Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible, p255-256, Baker Publishing Group, Grand Rapids, MI (2006)
28. ^ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) 287-288.
29. ^ ^{a b} Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 082543825X, 9780825438257
30. ^ ^{a b} A History of Israel, John Bright, p. 311, (1980) [2]
31. ^ [3] [4]
32. ^ [5]
33. ^ 2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24
34. ^ 2 Kings 23:31
35. ^ 2 Chronicles 36:1-4
36. ^ [6] The Divided Monarchy ca. 931 - 586 BC
37. ^ No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum
38. ^ Geoffrey Wigoder, The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)
39. ^ Dan Cohn-Sherbok, The Hebrew Bible, Continuum International, 1996, page x. ISBN 030433703X
40. ^ [7] Bible Studies website
41. ^ Philip J. King, Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion (Westminster John Knox Press, 1993), page 23.
42. ^ 2 Chronicles 36:9
43. ^ The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Pub. by Oxford University Press, 1999. pg 350
44. ^ Jeremiah 40:11-12
45. ^ Ezra 5:14
46. ^ Jeremiah 52:10-13
47. ^ Jeremiah 52:10-11
48. ^ Jeremiah 52:29
49. ^ 2 Kings 25:22-24, Jeremiah 40:6-8

See also

• Government of ancient Israel
• History of ancient Israel and Judah
• Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
• Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
• Kings of Judah
• Yehud Medinata
• Judea

External links

• The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Judah and Israel

Categories: States and territories established in 930 BC | 586 BC disestablishments | Ancient Israel and Judah | Former monarchies of Asia | Former theocracies | Historic Jewish communities | Knanaya Community | Fertile Crescent | States and territories established in the 10th century BC

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